PATTERNS OF ENROLMENT IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN INDIA

Elementary education forms the foundation of a nation’s human resource development and social equity. This paper examines the patterns of enrolment in elementary education across Indian states, with a specific focus on Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) and Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) as key indicators. Using data from UDISE 2019–20, the study highlights significant disparities in GER among states, gender-wise differences, and systemic inefficiencies such as over-aged and under-aged enrolment. States like Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Karnataka exhibit GERs exceeding 100 percent, reflecting broader access but also potential anomalies in age-appropriate enrolment. Conversely, states like Bihar and Madhya Pradesh lag behind, indicating persistent challenges in universalizing education. The analysis reveals that despite national efforts and policies aimed at universal elementary education, regional disparities and cultural factors continue to affect enrolment patterns. The findings underscore the need for state-specific policy interventions to improve access, equity, and efficiency in elementary education.