The global transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy systems has emerged as a central policy and political challenge in the context of climate change, sustainable development, and energy security. This paper examines the environmental politics of the energy transition, focusing on the interplay between political power, policy frameworks, and inequality in renewable energy adoption. It analyses how political motivations, institutional capacities, and international cooperation shape the deployment of renewable technologies. Drawing on secondary sources from international agencies such as the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), United Nations reports, and academic literature, the study highlights both achievements and ongoing challenges in the governance of energy transitions. While global renewable capacity has expanded rapidly with record additions of 585 GW in 2024 led by solar and wind technologies progress remains uneven across regions, policy environments, and socio-economic contexts. The paper concludes that robust political commitment, equitable policy design, and multilevel governance are essential to ensure an inclusive and effective energy transition that sustains environmental goals and addresses socio-economic disparities.