TREATMENT OF TANNERY EFFLUENT USING PHYSICAL (COIR PITH) AND BIOLOGICAL CONSORTIUM (NAVA RASA KARAISAL) METHODS TO CHARACTERIZE AS BASAL FERTILIZER

287 Comments / Journals / By
TANNERY EFFLUENT

Abstract: Tannery industry processes are among the most environmentally polluting industrial processes because they produce different colored wastewater that heavily damages the environment and surrounding places. The experiment was conducted with different treatments of tannery effluent (TN) with coir pith (CP) and Nava rasa karaisal (NRK) and analyzed the physical and chemical parameters. There are fifty-one parameters like pH, salinity, Na, Pb, Hg, Zn, etc. which were analyzed and the results showed that the chemical absorption of treated tannery effluent was found better when compared with the other treatments. Hence, the present investigation revealed that the solid waste combination of (Tannery effluent + Coir pith + Nava Rasa Karaisal) can be used as organic fertilizers for plant growth and developments.

Keywords: Tannery effluent, Coir pith, NRK, Biofertilizer, BOD, COD

Introduction The tannery industries are the backbone of the leather industries and the colored wastewater generated from the various processing units is due to bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing, and packing which require a large number of synthetic chemicals. Further, the effluent from the tannery industries is usually discharged with all types of pollutants into the sewage system or neighboring land causing serious environmental problems (Murali et al., 2013). The leather industry is one of the traditional and oldest industries in India and one of the leading foreign exchange earners for the country. But the industry is plagued by heavy pollution stress on the environment, thus negating some of the other societal benefits the industry has merited. Production of leather, leather goods, boards, and fur produces numerous by-products like solid waste and high amounts of wastewater containing different loads of pollutants and toxic chemicals.

Thamizhiniyan et al. (2009) earlier reported that water is the main source for industries to dispose of waste materials. It is found that almost all rivers are polluted in most of the stretches by some industries. Toxic heavy metals, which are of concern, like chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg), are not biodegradable. So they tend to accumulate in the living organisms and lead to different types of diseases and disorders which finally threaten human life (Monachese et al., 2012). As a solution to this problem, some methods like reverse osmosis, ion exchange, membrane filtration, and electrodialysis are used effectively for removing these metals. But they are costly and generate concentrated wastes that require subsequent treatment for disposal. Biological removal may provide a suitable means for the treatment of wastewater (Lovely and Coates 1997 and Rittmann et al., 2004). The cyanobacteria showed enormous potential in wastewater and industrial effluent treatment, bioremediation of aquatic and terrestrial habitats, chemical industries, bio-fertilizers, (Malliga et al., 1996, Abraham et al., 2002, Malliga and Viswajith, 2005 & 2007, Chandrasekar et al., 2008, Pazhanivel et al., 2011, Bhuvaneshwari et al., 2011, Subramaniyan and Malliga, 2011, Subramaniyan et al., 2012, Durai Raju and Malliga, 2013, Shanmugapriya and Malliga, 2013, Lakshmi and Malliga, 2014, Nivetha et al., 2014, Lakshmi et al., 2015 and Jenny and Malliga, 2018), feed, etc., (Cairns and Dickson, 1971 and Kulasooriya, 2011).

Coir pith is the by-product of coir yarn industries which constitute about 70percent husk. As coir pith has a high content of lignin and it takes decades to decompose, it causes environmental hazards because of its disposal problems (Krishnamoorthy et al., 2012). The water holding capacity of coir pith is enormous which a boost to the growth of cyanobacteria was. The non-nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria which enriched the phosphorus and potassium contents in the soil also played a major role in food, feed, and medicine. Christopher et al. (2007) concluded that the coir pith based cyanobacterial biofertilizer could be an effective alternative or combination with chemical fertilizer. The recent research shows that coir pith can be partially decomposed through the action of cyanobacteria and can be used as a biofertilizer for all varieties of food crops (Silambuselvi et al., 2014, Durai Raju and Malliga, 2013 and Jenny and Malliga, 2016). Nava Rasa Karaisal is a concoction prepared by the mixing of nine products and used in traditional rituals. It enriches the soil and provides the entire nutrient requirements for the growth of the plant. Physiochemical and biological properties of Nava Rasa Karaisal revealed that they possess almost all the macronutrients, micronutrients and growth hormones required for crop growth. Nava Rasa Karaisal contains rich sources of nitrogen and valuable microorganisms which naturally enhances soil fertility and also Kalaibharathi et al. (2019) reported that the Nava rasa karaisal enriches the soil, plant and provides all the nutrients required for the plant growth. NRK is also called as microbial consortia used in treatment for seed and planting material. In this current research, five treatments in which physiochemical characterizations were analyzed to find out the reduction of different chemicals and heavy metals.

Materials and Methods

The effluents were collected from the tannery industry at Sempattu Unit, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India, and coir pith was collected from coir industries near Samayapuram, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. The collected effluent was mixed with NRK, CP separately and in combinations and the effluents were taken for the following physical and chemical parameters like Colour (IS: 2720 part I (1987), pH (APHA 1989), TDS (IS: 3025 Part 16: 1984), TSS (IS: 3025 Part 17: 1984), Alkalinity as CaCO3 (IS: 3025 Part 23: 1986), Hardness as CaCO3(IS: 3025 Part 21: 2009), Chloride (APHA, 1989), Nitrite (APHA, 1995), Nitrate (APHA 1976), Salinity (APHA 22nd Ed, 2012), Potassium (US EPA 3050 B, 1996), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) (IS: 3025 Part 58: 2006, RA 2012), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (IS: 3025 Part 44: 1993 RA 2009), Calcium and Magnesium (Govindaraju et al., 2001), Zinc (US EPA 3050 B, 1996) and Selenium (IS: 3025 Part 56: 2003) which were analyzed through the standard techniques (Table 1 & Table 2).

Result and Discussion

Bio-fertilizers are eco-friendly and supply the nutrient inputs of microbial origin for plant growth and developments. Organic fertilizers and manure can increase the quality and improve the yield paving the way for sustainable agriculture. In the present investigation, physiochemical parameters were analyzed for the collected untreated tannery effluent and treated tannery effluent with coir pith and Nava Rasa Karaisal. The tannery effluent exists as pale brown in color; Nava Rasa Karaisal was white with gray in color and exhibiting microbial growth; Tannery effluent with Nava rasa karaisal color was changed into very light brown and also showing the growth of microorganisms; Tannery effluent with Coir pith color was light brown and Tannery effluent with Coir pith and Nava Rasa Karaisal after treatment the color was changed from pale brown to dark brown in color because of microbial effects (Plate 1; Table 1 &Table 2,). Supporting evidence showed that untreated effluent color was brownish-black while treatment with sorghum the color changed into muddy grey in color (Gark and Kaushik, 2009) and untreated industrial effluent was grey in color and after treatment with Pseudomonas sp. turn in yellow color on the observation of 15th day (Susithra et al., 2009). The untreated tannery effluent color changed after treatment from dark brown to pale brown (Murali et al., 2013). Initially tannery effluent color was brown and after treated by a bacterial consortium (Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Micrococcus sp.) the color was changed into brown to light brown on 72 hrs (Mythili and Karthikeyan, 2011). The color of leather industrial effluent is black before treatment but, after the degradation with the native fungus, Aspergillus niger and non- native fungus Aspergillus flavus the color changed into almost colorless (Noorjahan, 2014). The turbidity of tannery effluent was not changed after treatment with the TN with CP and NRK (Table 1). The initial pH of the tannery effluent was 8.87 and reduced to pH 6.73 (TN+CP+NRK) and 6.64 (TN+CP) in solid waste treatments (Table 1 & Table 2). Similarly, Mohammed Assou et al. (2014) showed that the optimization of multiple responses allowed coagulants and flocculants doses to be minimized while maximizing the percentage of turbidity 97percent removal.

Read More

By:

James Jeya Josepine. A. 1 , Jenifer. G. P.2 and Malliga. P.3 1&2Department of Marine Biotechnology, 3Professor & Head, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India Email: malliga.p@bdu.ac.in

287 thoughts on “TREATMENT OF TANNERY EFFLUENT USING PHYSICAL (COIR PITH) AND BIOLOGICAL CONSORTIUM (NAVA RASA KARAISAL) METHODS TO CHARACTERIZE AS BASAL FERTILIZER”

  3. ev99.com

    I was suggested this web site through my cousin. I’m not certain whether or not this submit
    is written via him as no one else recognise such certain about my difficulty.
    You’re wonderful! Thanks!

    Reply
  6. sweetie Fox

    Sweety Fox (the girl) is a girl who quickly catches your attention because of her confident energy.
    In her content, you instantly notice that she knows her audience: everything feels polished,
    posts are easy to follow, and the message is clear. Her style is clean and modern, without trying too hard,
    but with small touches that make it feel personal.

    What matters most is not the surface, but how she presents herself:
    she keeps it clear, stays consistent in tone, and keeps things simple and pleasant.
    In the end, this creator leaves a clear impression: you’re curious to follow along, because everything just works.

    Look at my web-site … sweetie Fox

    Reply
  7. pokies

    An excellent website is a place where you visit for
    the first time and immediately understand that everything is built
    for the user: everything is fast, pages load in a moment,
    and the right info shows up in seconds. The interface is clean and modern, without unnecessary details, but with thoughtful
    accents that guide you through the page. The layout is easy
    to follow, the descriptions are straightforward, and on any device — from mobile to desktop —
    everything feels consistent and comfortable.

    But the main thing in a site like this is not
    the visuals alone, but the practical impact: it cuts extra steps
    and makes the task easier than expected. Requests work smoothly without annoying errors, search matches your
    query precisely, and the user dashboard (if available) helps instead of
    confusing. In the end, a site like this creates a clear feeling: it pulls you back, because everything is done right.

    My site; pokies

    Reply
  9. caribbean trips

    Greate article. Keep writing such kind of info on your site.
    Im really impressed by your blog.
    Hey there, You’ve performed a fantastic job. I’ll definitely digg it and in my opinion recommend to my friends.
    I’m confident they will be benefited from this web site.

    Reply
  29. RobertMap

    I’ve been exploring terpene botanicals – buy marijuana terpenes online recently, and I’m deep down enjoying the experience. The scents are rich, customary, and pleasant. They tot up a gracious touch to my always drill, plateful set the willing and atmosphere. A large catch sight of quest of anyone who appreciates pungent wellness tools.

    Reply
  30. Douglasval

    spark dex SparkDex is redefining decentralized trading with speed, security, and real earning potential. On spark dex, you keep full control of your assets while enjoying fast swaps and low fees. Powered by sparkdex ai, the platform delivers smarter insights and optimized performance for confident decision-making. Trade, earn from liquidity, and grow your crypto portfolio with sparkdex — the future of DeFi starts here.

    Reply
  33. Wallacenus

    sparkdex SparkDex is redefining decentralized trading with speed, security, and real earning potential. On spark dex, you keep full control of your assets while enjoying fast swaps and low fees. Powered by sparkdex ai, the platform delivers smarter insights and optimized performance for confident decision-making. Trade, earn from liquidity, and grow your crypto portfolio with sparkdex — the future of DeFi starts here.

    Reply
  35. Gichardfom

    Please let me know if you’re looking for a author for your blog. You have some really great articles and I feel I would be a good asset. If you ever want to take some of the load off, I’d love to write some articles for your blog in exchange for a link back to mine. Please blast me an e-mail if interested. Thank you!
    казино банда

    Reply
  38. JimmyTEP

    Telegram Telegram стал настоящей экосистемой для криптовалютных проектов, предлагая удобные инструменты для общения, проведения аирдропов, запуска ботов для майнинга и тапалок, а также целые игровые платформы – фармилки.

    Reply
  42. recipes for meals for two

    You really make it appear really easy along with your presentation however I in finding this matter to be really something which
    I think I would by no means understand. It sort of feels too complicated
    and extremely extensive for me. I’m having a look forward for your subsequent publish,
    I will try to get the cling of it!

    Reply
  43. affiliate

    Heya i am for the first time here. I found this board
    and I find It really useful & it helped me out a lot.
    I hope to give something back and help others like you aided me.

    Reply
  51. hte terpenes

    I’ve been exploring terpene botanicals – hte terpenes recently, and I’m indeed enjoying the experience. The scents are with, customary, and pleasant. They tot up a discriminative caress to my always drill, dollop set the atmosphere and atmosphere. A massive hit upon to save anyone who appreciates aromatic wellness tools.

    Reply
  55. Anya159Pi

    Hello lads!
    I came across a 159 fantastic resource that I think you should explore.
    This tool is packed with a lot of useful information that you might find valuable.
    It has everything you could possibly need, so be sure to give it a visit!
    https://www.lexikon-fische.de/artikel-leitungswasser-oder-regenwasser.shtml

    Furthermore remember not to overlook, folks, that a person at all times can in this particular piece find responses to address the the absolute complicated queries. Our team tried to explain all content using an very understandable manner.

    Reply
  61. Robertavalo

    лазерные принтеры (Лазерный принтер – идеальное решение для быстрой и четкой печати документов. | Лазерные принтеры превосходят струйные по скорости и экономии тонера. | Хотите лазерный принтер купить? Широкий выбор моделей по доступным ценам! | Лазерные принтеры купить легко в нашем магазине с гарантией качества. | Купить лазерный принтер – значит инвестировать в надежность и производительность. | Заказать лазерный принтер онлайн – быстро и без лишних хлопот. | Лазерный принтер цена радует: от 5000 руб. за базовые модели. | Узнайте лазерный принтер стоимость – выгодные акции для всех покупателей. | Ищете лазерный принтер недорого? У нас лучшие предложения! | Лазерный принтер купить недорого – реальность с нашими скидками до 30%. | Дешевый лазерный принтер не уступает по качеству печати. | Бюджетный лазерный принтер для дома и офиса – оптимальный выбор. | Лазерный принтер купить онлайн в 2 клика с доставкой. | Заказать лазерный принтер онлайн – удобный сервис 24/7. | Лазерный принтер интернет магазин с тысячами отзывов. | Интернет магазин лазерных принтеров – ваш надежный партнер. | Лазерный принтер каталог: фото, характеристики, отзывы. | Лазерный принтер в наличии – забирайте сегодня! | Лазерный принтер с доставкой по России бесплатно от 5000 руб.)

    Reply
  72. Glennjal

    москва интернет Подключение высокоскоростного интернета в Москве — задача, решаемая многими провайдерами, включая Мегафон, предлагающий разнообразные тарифы для домашнего использования.

    Reply
  87. reputation

    I have been exploring for a bit for any high quality articles or blog posts in this
    sort of area . Exploring in Yahoo I finally stumbled upon this
    site. Reading this information So i’m satisfied to show that I’ve a very good uncanny feeling I found out
    exactly what I needed. I most indisputably will make
    sure to do not fail to remember this site and give it a look regularly.

    Reply
  89. PatrickCum

    трансы самара Каждый трек — это путешествие, построенное на постепенном нарастании напряжения и последующем катарсисе, приводящем к взрыву эмоций.

    Reply
  90. Cornbread

    Did you grasp your body is wired to return to CBD? Every defenceless has an endocannabinoid system (ECS) that influences mood, be in the land of nod, and immune response. CBD is single because it doesn’t cement as the crow flies to receptors like THC does; in preference to, it encourages the bulk to capitalize on its own endocannabinoids more effectively. It’s like a tune-up in compensation your biological signaling, promoting competence and peace

    Reply
  93. Ruebenbrerm

    кухня на заказ псков цены Мы предлагаем полный спектр услуг: от создания уникального дизайна до установки готового кухонного гарнитура, чтобы ваша новая кухня стала не просто местом для готовки, а сердцем вашего дома, наполненным теплом и уютом. В нашей студии вы можете «заказать кухню в Пскове», которая будет полностью соответствовать вашим предпочтениям и бюджету, ведь «кухня на заказ Псков цены» всегда прозрачны и доступны.

    Reply
  98. Briankig

    SWeAR2033 SWeAR2033 умеет создавать пространство, где каждый чувствует себя комфортно и вовлеченно, что и является залогом успеха его стримов.

    Reply
  124. Research chemicals kopen

    Hi, I do think this is a great website. I stumbledupon it 😉 I may come back once again since
    I bookmarked it. Money and freedom is the best way to change,
    may you be rich and continue to help other people.

    Reply
  177. salon

    Hmm is anyone else experiencing problems
    with the images on this blog loading? I’m trying to
    figure out if its a problem on my end or if it’s the blog.
    Any feedback would be greatly appreciated.

    Reply
  201. locksmiths

    Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if
    you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates.

    I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with
    something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything.
    I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.

    Reply
  209. Sigmoops

    The effect standing is outstanding. Every medication, supplement, and cosmetic I’ve ordered has been bona fide, different, and charmingly packaged. I not in any degree get grey hair up receiving expired or artificial products because I guardianship this chemist’s shop completely.
    https://hptt.vn/zdravi-populace-a-farmaceuticke-inovace-jako-kli-k/
    The patron benefit is exceptional. The employees is well-read, kind-hearted, and genuinely helpful. They practise essentially and beyond to ensure customer satisfaction. When I needed help choosing a postscript for the purpose a well-defined salubrity concern, they provided such detailed, personalized admonition that I felt like I’d had a consultation with a not for publication haleness expert.

    Reply
  212. no risk

    I’m really inspired together with your writing talents as smartly as with the format on your weblog.
    Is this a paid subject or did you modify it yourself? Either way keep up
    the nice high quality writing, it’s rare to see a great blog like this one nowadays..

    Reply
  223. best

    Do you have a spam issue on this site; I also am a blogger, and I was wanting to know your situation; we
    have developed some nice practices and we are
    looking to trade strategies with other folks, please shoot me an e-mail if interested.

    Reply
  258. Solar Panel Installers

    I don’t know if it’s just me or if everyone else
    experiencing problems with your website. It appears as if some of the text within your posts are running off the screen. Can somebody else please comment and
    let me know if this is happening to them as well?
    This might be a problem with my internet browser because I’ve
    had this happen before. Many thanks

    Reply
  262. SC88

    Fantastic post however , I was wondering if you could write a litte more on this
    subject? I’d be very grateful if you could elaborate a little bit further.
    Appreciate it!

    Reply

Leave a Comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *